CLAUSE

CLAUSE

a clause in grammar is a subject plus a verb. The subject is the entity “doing” the action of the sentence and the verb is the action that subject completes. A clause may include the verb predicate as well. But, it must include at least the subject and verb to be considered a clause.

For examples of clause:

Subject + verb (predicate)

I eat grapes

I cook soup

The team pray together

He laughed

A clause can be usefully distinguished from a phrase, which is a group of related words that does not contain a subject-verb relationship.

Phrase is a group of words that have a head and modifier. A head is the controling word and a modifier is conveys extra information.

For examples of phrase:

On the table (preposition phrase)

Very quickly (adverb phrase)

#KINDS OF CLAUSE

1. Main Clause (Independent Clause)

An independent clause, along with having a subject and verb, expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a coherent sentence.

For examples:

1. I like orange

2. He took my money

3. She punched me

4. She is beautiful girl

5. We go to school

It expresses complete though and can stand as a sentence that is why a main or an

independent clause is normally referred as a simple sentence.

2. Subordinate Clause (Dependent clause)

Subordinate (or independent) clause is a clause which does not express complete thought and depends on another clause (main clause) to express complete thought. Subordinate clause does not express complete idea and can’t stand as a sentence. A sentence having a subordinate clause must have a main clause.

For example:

She likes chicken steak which tastes good.

The clause “which tastes good” in above sentence is a subordinate clause because it does not express complete thought and can’t stand as a sentence. It depends on main clause (he likes chicken) to express complete thought.

Subordinate (or dependent) clauses are further divided into three types. A subordinate (dependent) clause may function as a noun, an adjective or an adverb in sentence. On the basis of their function in a sentence, subordinate clauses can be divided in to following types.

1. Noun Clause

2. Adjective Clause.

3. Adverb Clause

A. Noun Clause

“A dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence is called noun clause.” A noun clause performs same function like a noun in a sentence.

Example: Whatever you learn will help you in future. (noun clause as a subject)

In above sentence the clause “whatever you learn” functions as a noun, hence it is a noun clause. A noun clause works as a noun that acts as a subject, object, or predicate in a sentence. A noun clause starts with words “that, what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever”.

Examples:
            What you said made me laugh.                        (noun clause as a subject)
            He knows that he will pass the test.                (noun clause as an object)
            Now I realize what he would have thought.    (noun clause as an object)

B. Adjective Clause

“A dependent clause that functions as an adjective in a sentence is called adjective clause.”

An adjective clause works like adjective in a sentence. The function of an adjective is to modify (describe) a noun or a pronoun. Similarly a noun clause modifies a noun or a pronoun.

Example:

The book which I like is helpful in preparation for test.

The clause “which i like” in above sentence is an adjective clause because it modifies noun “book” in the sentence. An adjective clause always precedes the noun it modifies.

Examples.
               I met the boy who had helped me.
               An apple that smells bad is rotten.
               The house where I live consists of four rooms.
               The person who was shouting needed help.

Adjective clause begins with relative pronoun (that, who, whom, whose, which, or whose) and is also relative clause. Adjective (relative) clauses can be restrictive clause or nonrestrictive clause

C. Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses

Adjective (relative) clauses can be restrictive clause or nonrestrictive clause. A restrictive clause limits the meaning of preceding noun or pronoun. A nonrestrictive clause tells us something about preceding noun or pronoun but does not limit the meaning of preceding noun or pronoun.

Example:

•The student in the class who studied a lot passed the test. (restrictive clause)

•The student in the class, who had attended all the lectures, passed the test. (nonrestrictive clause)

In the first sentence the clause “who studied a lot” restrict information to preceding noun(student), it means that there is only one student in the class who studied a lot, hence it is a restrictive clause.

In the second sentence the clause “who had attended all the lectures” gives us information about preceding noun but does not limit this information to the preceding noun. It means there can be several other students in the class who had attended all the lectures.

A comma is always used before a restrictive clause in a sentence and also after nonrestrictive clause if it is within a main clause. “That” is usually used to introduce a restrictive clause while “which” is used to introduce a nonrestrictive clause.

Example
The table that costs $ 100 is made of steel. (restrictive clause)
The table, which costs $ 100, is made of steel. (nonrestrictive clause)

D. Adverb Clause

“A dependent clause that functions as an adverb in a sentence is called adverb clause”An adverb clause like an adverb modifies a verb, adjective clause or other adverb clause in a sentence. It modifies(describes) the situation in main clause in terms of “time, frequency (how often), cause and effect, contrast, condition, intensity (to what extent).”

The subordinating conjunctions used for adverb clauses are as follows.

Time: when, whenever, since, until, before, after, while, as, by the time, as soon as

Cause and effect: because, since, now that, as long as, so, so that,

Contrast: although, even, whereas, while, though

Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing or provided that, in case

Examples.
          Don’t go before he comes.
          He takes medicine because he is ill.
          Although he tried a lot, he couldn’t climb up the tree.
          Unless you study for the test, you can’t pass it.
          I will go to the school unless it rains.
          You are safe as long as you drive carefully.
          You can achieve anything provided that you struggle for it.

3. Clause of Comparison

Clause of comparison is an adverb clause that explains the comparison. There are several subordinating conjunctions used in clause of comparison, such as / so ... as, .... than, less ... than. Clause of comparison is another name for adverb clause of comparison.

Sentence	Clause of comparison	Meaning
I don’t swim as well as he does	As well as he does	Aku tidak berenang sebaik yang dilakukannya
Tom swim better than Garry does	Than Garry does	Tom berenang lebih baik dari pada yang dilakukan Garry
The new machine works more efficiently than the old one	Than the old one	Mesin baru itu bekerja lebih efisien dari pada yang tua itu

4. Clause of Condition
Clause of condition is an adverb clause in the form of a conditional sentence. Clause of condition is also called conditional sentence, clause if, or adverb clause of condition. For more details consider the example in the following table

Sentence		Clause of condition		Meaning
He will not go to picnic if it rains		If it rains		Dia tidak jadi ikut piknik kalau hujan
You will be a rich man if you work hard		If you work hard		Kamu akan menjadi seorang yang kaya jika kamu bekerja dengan keras
If I were a bird, I would fly	If I were a bird		Jika aku seekor burung, aku akan terbang

5. Clause of Exception

Clause of exception is clause (subject + predicate) which serves as an exception. Subordinating conjunctions that usually start clause of exception include:

· save that (formal)/ saving that

· except that/ excepting that

· beyond that

· but that (formal)

· only (that)

· other that (the fact) that

Sentence	Clause of exception	Meaning
This antique vase is in a very good condition, only that there is a little crack near the top	Only that there is a little crack near the top	Pot bunga ini dalam kondisi masih bagus, hanya ada sedikit retak dekat bagian atas pot
This car is very clean, only that there is a rubbish on the tire	Only that there is a rubbish on the tire	Mobil ini sangat bersih, hanya ada sebuah sampah di atas ban-nya
Tommy is a handsome boy, other that he is a naughty boy	Other that he is a naughty boy	Tommy adalah anak yang tampan, namun kenyataannya dia adalah anak yang nakal

#TYPES OF SENTENCES

A common weakness in writing is the lack of varied sentences. Becoming aware of three general types of sentences--simple, compound, and complex--can help you vary the sentences in your writing
.

1. Simple Sentence

A simple sentence has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a subject, a verb, and a completed thought.

Examples of simple sentences include the following:

A. Joe waited for the train.

Joe" = subject, "waited" = verb

B. The train was late.

The train" = subject, "was" = verb

C. I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station.

"I" = subject, "looked" = verb

A simple sentence can also be referred to as an independent clause. It is referred to as "independent" because, while it might be part of a compound or complex sentence, it can also stand by itself as a complete sentence.

2. Compound Sentece

A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or complete sentences) connected to one another with a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are easy to remember if you think of the words "FAN BOYS":

§ For

§ And

§ Nor

§ But

§ Or

§ Yet

§ So

Examples of compound sentences include the following:

a. Students attend flag ceremony, and they must come on time every Monday.

b. My mother went to market, and she bought vegetables.

c. The proffesor conducted research, so he invented new things.

Coordinating conjunctions are useful for connecting sentences, but compound sentences often are overused. While coordinating conjunctions can indicate some type of relationship between the two independent clauses in the sentence, they sometimes do not indicate much of a relationship. The word "and," for example, only adds one independent clause to another, without indicating how the two parts of a sentence are logically related. Too many compound sentences that use "and" can weaken writing.

3. Complex Sentence

A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses connected to it. A dependent clause is similar to an independent clause, or complete sentence, but it lacks one of the elements that would make it a complete sentence.

Examples of dependent clauses include the following:

§ because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon

§ while he waited at the train station

§ after they left on the bus

Dependent clauses such as those above cannot stand alone as a sentence, but they can be added to an independent clause to form a complex sentence.

Dependent clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions.

A complex sentence joins an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses.

The dependent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the independent clause, as in the following:

1. Because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, I did not see

them at the station.

2. While he waited at the train station, Joe realized that the train was late.

3. After they left on the bus, Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at the train station.

Conversely, the independent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the dependent clause, as in the following:

1. I did not see them at the station because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus

station before noon.

2. Joe realized that the train was late while he waited at the train station.

3. Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at the train station after they left on

the bus.

Complex sentences are often more effective than compound sentences because a complex sentence indicates clearer and more specific relationships between the main parts of the sentence. The word "before," for instance, tells readers that one thing occurs before another. A word such as "although" conveys a more complex relationship than a word such as "and" conveys.

The term periodic sentence is used to refer to a complex sentence beginning with a dependent clause and ending with an independent clause, as in "While he waited at the train station, Joe realized that the train was late."

Periodic sentences can be especially effective because the completed thought occurs at the end of it, so the first part of the sentence can build up to the meaning that comes at the end.

NOTE: When the dependent clause comes first, a comma should be used to separate the two clauses. When the independent clause comes first, a comma should not be used to separate the two clauses.

4. Compound-complex Setence

A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

Some examples:

1. Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with.

independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately"

independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with"

dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "

2. The dog started barking so the cat ran away and I couldn’t keep up, so I stopped.

Now we’re dealing with more clauses, but they still follow the same rules. The independent clauses can still be complete sentences, while the dependent clause is an incomplete sentence fragment.

THE RULES: